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To termites, any violation of the tunnels or nests is a cause for alarm. When termites discover a potential violation, the soldiers usually bang their heads, apparently to entice different troops for defence and to recruit additional employees to repair any breach.56 Additionally, an alarmed termite lumps into other termites that causes them to become alarmed and to leave pheromone trails to the distressed area, which can be a means to recruit extra workers.56.
The pantropical subfamily Nasutitermitinae includes a specialised caste of soldiers, also known as nasutes, that possess the ability to exude noxious liquids through a horn-like frontal projection that they use for defence.155 Nasutes have dropped their mandibles throughout the course of evolution and must be fed by employees.59 A vast array of monoterpene hydrocarbon solvents have been identified in the liquids that nasutes secrete.156 Similarly, Formosan subterranean termites have been known to secrete naphthalene to protect their nests.157.
Soldiers of those species Globitermes sulphureus commit suicide by autothysis rupturing a huge gland just beneath the surface of the cuticles. The thick, yellowish fluid in the gland gets very sticky on contact with the air, entangling ants or other insects that are trying to invade the nest.158159 Another termite, Neocapriterme taracua, also engages in suicidal defence.
When soldiers guarding nest entrances are attacked by intruders, they engage in autothysis, creating a cube that denies entry to any outsider.161.
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Employees use several different approaches to deal with their deceased, including burying, cannibalism, and avoiding a corpse entirely.162163164 To prevent pathogens, termites occasionally engage in necrophoresis, in which a nestmate conveys a corpse in the colony to dispose of it elsewhere.165 Which approach is used depends on the nature of the corpse a worker is dealing with (i.e.
A species of fungus is known to mimic termite eggs, successfully avoiding its natural predators. These tiny brown balls, known as"termite balls", seldom kill the eggs, and in certain cases the employees tend to them.166 This fungus mimics these eggs by producing a cellulose-digesting enzyme known as glucosidases.167 A unique mimicking behavior exists between various species of Trichopsenius beetles and certain particular species within Reticulitermes.
This compound mimicry makes it possible for the beetles to integrate themselves within the termite colonies.168 The developed appendages on the physogastric abdomen of Austrospirachtha mimetes enables the beetle to mimic a termite worker.169.
Some species of ant have been known to catch termites to use as Look At This a brand new food source after on, rather than killing them. By way of instance, Formica nigra captures termites, and people who attempt to escape are immediately captured and driven underground.170 Certain species of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae conduct these raids although other ant species move in alone to steal the eggs or nymphs.146 Ants like Megaponera analis attack the exterior of mounds and Dorylinae ants assault underground.146171 Despite this, some termites and ants can coexist peacefully.
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54 species of ants are known to inhabit Nasutitermes mounds, both occupied and abandoned ones.174 One reason many ants reside in Nasutitermes mounds is a result of the termites' frequent occurrence in their own geographical range; another would be to protect themselves from floods.174175 Iridomyrmex also inhabits termite mounds but no evidence for any kind of relationship (other than a one) is known.116 In rare cases, certain species of termites reside inside active ant colonies.176 Some invertebrate organisms such as beetles, caterpillars, flies and millipedes are termitophiles and dwell inside termite colonies (they are unable to survive independently).56 As a result, certain beetles and flies have evolved with their hosts.
Mounds may also offer shelter and warmth to birds, lizards, snakes and scorpions.56.
Termites are known to carry pollen and regularly visit blossoms,177 so are considered as potential pollinators for any number of flowering plants.178 One blossom in particular, Rhizanthella gardneri, is frequently pollinated by foraging workers, and it's perhaps the only Orchidaceae flower in the world to be pollinated by termites.177
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Many plants have developed powerful defences against termites. But, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only develop when they have passed the seedling stage.179 Defence is normally accomplished by secreting antifeedant compounds into the woody cell walls.180 This lowers the ability of termites to efficiently digest the cellulose.
When retained near the infusion, they become disoriented and eventually die.181.
Termite populations can be substantially impacted by environmental changes including those due to human intervention. A Brazilian study investigated the termite assemblages of three sites of Caatinga http://innovativepestcontrol.com.au/ under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil were sampled using 65 x 2 m transects.182 A total of 26 species of termites were present in the 3 websites, and 196 encounters were listed in the transects.